英語(yǔ)存在句詳解

一、 概說(shuō)

所謂存在句，就是指表示某處存在有某人或某物的一類句型，這類句型的典型結(jié)構(gòu)是there be…這類表達(dá)，所以存在句在通常情況下指的就是there be句型。如：

There is a garden at the back of the house. 房子背后有一座花園。

There are fewer boys than girls in my class. 我班上男生比女生少。

there be句型中的there為引導(dǎo)詞，無(wú)詞義；be為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)情況可以有單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，也可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)變化；there be后面的名詞為句子主語(yǔ)。

表示某處存在有某人或某物是存在句最基本的用法，在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，它可以有更廣的用法。如：

There are not enough people to do the job. 干這工作人手不夠。

There are a lot of things I'd like to ask you. 有好些事我想問(wèn)你的。

There are other ways of doing this exercise. 還有別的辦法做這個(gè)練習(xí)。

這幾個(gè)句子中的there be句型并不具體表明某處存在有某事物，可視為there be句型基本結(jié)構(gòu)的延伸用法。

二、there be的謂語(yǔ)問(wèn)題

1. 主謂一致：若there be只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)則取決于該主語(yǔ)的數(shù)；若有幾個(gè)主語(yǔ)并列，則通常是與靠近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：

There is a bus stop close to the school. 在學(xué)校附近有一個(gè)公共汽車站。

There are hairs on your jacket. 你的上衣上有幾根頭發(fā)。

There is a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支鋼筆和一些書(shū)。

2. 時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題：there be結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)由其中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be來(lái)體現(xiàn)，它可以有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以及過(guò)去完成時(shí)等多種時(shí)態(tài)形式。如：

There was a hospital nearby. 附近有一家醫(yī)院。

There has been no rain this week. 這個(gè)星期一直沒(méi)下雨。

There will be something you can enjoy. 會(huì)有你喜歡的東西。

3. 連用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：there be結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，此時(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)放在there與be之間。如：

There must be a mistake. 一定是弄錯(cuò)了。

There can't be anyone waiting outside. 不會(huì)有人在外面等候。

There might still be hope. 可能還有希望。

4. there be的變體：有時(shí)根據(jù)句子的需要，我們也可將there be中的動(dòng)詞be 換為 live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand, lie, come等。如：

There comes a bus. 來(lái)了一輛公共汽車。

There remained just thirty pounds. 只剩30英鎊了。

There seems to be something wrong here. 這兒好像有點(diǎn)不大對(duì)勁。

At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. 在小山頂上有一座古廟。

三、否定式與疑問(wèn)式

1. 否定式：there be結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式通常應(yīng)將否定詞置于動(dòng)詞be之后。如：

There is not any bread left. 沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)面包了。

There isn't anything I can do for you. 我?guī)筒涣四闶裁疵Α?/p>

若謂語(yǔ)中包括有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，通常將否定詞置于助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后。如：

There can't be so many mistakes. 不可能有那么多錯(cuò)誤。

There shouldn't be any doubt about it. 對(duì)此不應(yīng)有什么懷疑。

There haven't been any parties in weeks. 好幾個(gè)禮拜沒(méi)開(kāi)過(guò)晚會(huì)了。

2. 疑問(wèn)式：there be結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問(wèn)式通常應(yīng)將否定詞置于動(dòng)詞be之后。如：

Is there any good film on? 映什么好電影嗎?

Is there room for me in the car? 車子里還有我坐的地方嗎?

Are there any letters for me? 有我的信嗎?

若謂語(yǔ)中包括有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，通常將助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞移至句首構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)式。如：

Has there been an accident? 出事了嗎?

Have there been any new developments? 有什么新的發(fā)展嗎?

Can there have been so much rain there？那兒會(huì)下過(guò)那么多雨嗎？

四、there be的非謂語(yǔ)形式

there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語(yǔ)形式有兩種，即there being和there to be。

1. there being結(jié)構(gòu)：該結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中主要用作狀語(yǔ)。如：

There being nothing to do, I went to bed. 因?yàn)闆](méi)事可做，所以我就上床睡覺(jué)了。

There being no taxi available, he had to walk home. 由于沒(méi)有計(jì)程車可搭，他只好步行回家。

這類結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可與狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換，如上面兩句也可作如下改寫(xiě)：

As there was nothing to do, I went to bed.

As there was no taxi available, he had to walk home.

另外，there being結(jié)構(gòu)還可用作介詞賓語(yǔ)。如：

What's the chance of there being an election this year? 今年舉行選舉的可能性有多大?

No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place. 沒(méi)有人會(huì)夢(mèng)想到竟有這樣一個(gè)地方。

2. there to be 結(jié)構(gòu)：主要用作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。可接該結(jié)構(gòu)可用作動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞不多，常見(jiàn)的like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider 等。如：

I don't want there to be any more trouble. 我不想再有任何麻煩了。

Students hate there to be too much homework. 學(xué)生討厭做太多的家庭作業(yè)。

We expect there to be more discussion about this. 我們期望能對(duì)此展開(kāi)更多的討論。

注意，在let there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞be不帶to。如：

Let there be no mistake about it. 不要誤解我的意思。

Let there be no mistake about it. 這事不要出錯(cuò)。

另外，there to be 結(jié)構(gòu)還可用作介詞for的賓語(yǔ)。注意了，用作介詞賓語(yǔ)一般用there being，但用作介詞for的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，卻要用there to be。比較：

It was too late for there to be any buses. 太晚了，不會(huì)有公共汽車了。

They asked for there to be another meeting. 他們要求再開(kāi)一次會(huì)議。

五、there be＋名詞＋非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1. there be+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系，同時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如：

There is someone waiting for him. 有人在等他。

There was a man standing in front of me. 我前面站著一個(gè)男人。

There were some children swimming in the river. 有些小孩在河里游泳。

有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞不表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行，而表示一種狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)狀。如：

There's a piano standing against the wall. 靠墻有一架鋼琴。

There're a lot of difficulties facing us. 我們面前有很多困難。

There is a door leading to the garden. 有一座門(mén)通往花園。

正如come, go, leave, move 等表示位置移動(dòng)的短暫性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可表示將來(lái)意義一樣，“there be+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”也可以表示將來(lái)意義。如：

There are ten people coming to dinner. 有十個(gè)人來(lái)吃晚飯(www.yywords.com)。

There were about 300 people moving to the new factory in the south. 大約有300人要搬到南方的新廠去。

2. there be+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞：過(guò)去分詞表示一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系，同時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如：

There was nobody injured. 沒(méi)有人受傷。

There is nothing written on it. 上面沒(méi)寫(xiě)東西。

There were ten people killed in the accident. 事故中有10人喪生。

In this book, there are some texts learnt before. 在這本書(shū)里面，有些課文以前學(xué)過(guò)。

有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞也可表示一種狀態(tài)(可轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))。如：

There were some old men seated (=who were seated) in the back. 有些老人坐在后面。

There is a red car parked (=which is parked) outside the house. 房子外邊停著一輛紅色汽車。

3. there be+賓語(yǔ)+不定式：不定式通常表示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。如：

There was nobody to look after the child. 沒(méi)有人照顧這孩子。

There was a large crowd to send him off. 有一大群人要來(lái)給他送行。

There was so much to lose that we couldn't take any risks. 可能會(huì)有很大的損失，因此我們不能冒險(xiǎn)。

當(dāng)其中的賓語(yǔ)與其后的不定式為被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，可用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，也可用被動(dòng)式。如：

There is much work to do [to be done]. 有許多工作要做。

但有時(shí)含義有差別——不定式用主動(dòng)式可視為其前省略了for sb，用被動(dòng)式可視為其后省略了by sb。如：

There is nothing to do. 無(wú)事可做。(含有無(wú)聊之意)

There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了。(指沒(méi)有辦法了)

There is nothing to see. 沒(méi)什么可看的。(即不值一看)

There is nothing to be seen. 沒(méi)看見(jiàn)什么。(指沒(méi)東西看)

六、There is no+動(dòng)名詞

1. 表示否定：此時(shí)表示“不可能……”“無(wú)法……”。如：

There is no getting over the difficulty. 這困難無(wú)法克服。

There's no telling what will happen. 無(wú)法說(shuō)得上將發(fā)生什么。

There is no knowing what he will do next. 無(wú)法知道他下一步要干什么。

2. 表示不允許：此時(shí)表示“不許……”“不準(zhǔn)……”。如：

There is no photographing here. 這里不許拍照。

Sorry, there is no smoking in the waiting room. 對(duì)不起，等候室不許吸煙。

7. There is no+名詞+in doing sth

1. 名詞為difficulty：There is no difficulty in doing sth的意思是“做某事沒(méi)有困難”。如：

There is no difficulty in finding his office. 找到了他的辦公室沒(méi)費(fèi)一點(diǎn)勁。

There was no difficulty in carrying out the plan. 執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃沒(méi)什么困難。

2. 名詞為harm：There is no harm in doing sth的意思是“做某事沒(méi)有害處”。如：

There's no harm in your coming early. 你早到?jīng)]有害處。

He may not be able to help but there's no harm in asking him. 他可能幫不了忙，但是求他一下倒也無(wú)妨。

3. 名詞為point：There is no point in doing sth的意思是“做某事沒(méi)有用或沒(méi)有必要”。如：

There's no point in wasting time. 耗時(shí)間沒(méi)用。

There's no point in telling her about this. 把這情況告訴她沒(méi)有用。

There's no point getting impatient with her; she'll finish the job in her own good time. 不必跟她著急，她自己能找時(shí)間完成工作的。

4. 名詞為sense：There is no sense in doing sth的意思是“做某事沒(méi)有道理或好處”。如：

There's no sense in criticizing him. 批評(píng)他也沒(méi)有用。

There's no sense in waiting three hours. 等三小時(shí)是沒(méi)有道理的。

There's no sense in making him angry. 惹他生氣是沒(méi)有道理的。

5. 名詞為use：There is no use in doing sth的意思是“做某事沒(méi)有用或好處”。如：

There is no use in trying to help him. 設(shè)法要幫助他也沒(méi)有用。

There's no use in complaining; they won't do anything about it. 發(fā)牢騷也沒(méi)用，他們是不會(huì)對(duì)這件事采取措施的。