import substitution

基本解釋

As exports and imports fell, import substitution(6) abounded, and the colonial economy became considerably more self-sufficient.
由于貿(mào)易活動(dòng)的減少，進(jìn)口替代品的生產(chǎn)興旺起來(lái)，殖民地的經(jīng)濟(jì)因而更加自給自足。
But at the same time, the automobile manufacturing industry will suffer a big hit from both the internal and external markets because of the high degree of import substitution.
但同時(shí)，汽車整車制造業(yè)因進(jìn)口替代程度較高，在國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)都受到較大沖擊。
'Reduce business costs, enhance productivity, import substitution, energy conservation, green environmental protection and contribute to society' is our people have been working Tiankai goals.
“降低企業(yè)成本，提高生產(chǎn)效率，替代進(jìn)口，節(jié)約能源，綠色環(huán)保，貢獻(xiàn)社會(huì)”是我們一直努力的目標(biāo)。

That pattern met the needs of centralised political control and the policy of import substitution pursued until 1982.
ECONOMIST: All roads lead to Mexico City
Industries that grew up under import substitution policies, such as textiles and drugs, are closing factories or contracting out production.
FORBES: The Ronald Reagan of the Pacific
That is partly the healthy consequence of liberal economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s: the previous policies of state-led import-substitution tended to concentrate economic activity close to the centres of political power.
ECONOMIST: Productivity in Latin America

進(jìn)口替代
Using positive analysis, comparative approach and juridical analysis, firstly I find the focus of the dispute that China's trade subsidies are the export subsidies and the import substitution or not.
筆者采用實(shí)證分析、比較分析以及法學(xué)分析的方法,首先歸納出本案中雙方的法律爭(zhēng)議點(diǎn),即中國(guó)的貿(mào)易補(bǔ)貼政策是否為WTO《補(bǔ)貼與反補(bǔ)貼措施協(xié)定》中規(guī)定的出口補(bǔ)貼和進(jìn)口替代補(bǔ)貼。
商業(yè)
進(jìn)口替代