介詞without用法歸納
一、基本用法
1. (表否定)沒(méi)有，無(wú)，不需。如：
The letter was posted without a stamp. 那封信沒(méi)貼郵票就寄出去了。
We got there without any trouble. 我們到了那兒，一路上沒(méi)遇到任何麻煩。
You'll get wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella. 雨天外出不帶傘會(huì)淋濕的。
I suddenly realized I'd come out without any money. 我突然意識(shí)到，一點(diǎn)兒錢也沒(méi)帶就出來(lái)了。
2. (用在no, not, never等否定副詞之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定)沒(méi)有……不，沒(méi)有……則不能……，每……必定……。如：
You can't get rich without taking risks. 人不冒險(xiǎn)不富。
The old man cannot walk without a stick. 那位老先生離開(kāi)手杖就走不了路。
Don't go out without a coat: you'll catch your death. 別不穿外套出去，會(huì)得重感冒的。
I never see this picture without thinking of him. 每次看到這張照片，我都會(huì)想起他。
3. (與-ing形式連用)不，無(wú)，沒(méi)。如：
She entered the room without knocking. 她沒(méi)敲門就進(jìn)了房間。
It goes without saying that health is above wealth. 健康勝于財(cái)富這個(gè)道理是無(wú)需多說(shuō)的。
They had to stand for hours without changing position. 他們得一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地站幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
It wasn't very polite of you to serve yourself without asking. 你也不問(wèn)一聲就自己吃起來(lái)是不太禮貌的。
4. (表?xiàng)l件)若無(wú)，若非。如：
I don't like to go to a country without knowing something of the language. 我要是不懂得一點(diǎn)那個(gè)國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言，就不想到那個(gè)國(guó)家去。
Without water, we cannot live. 沒(méi)有水，我們就活不了。
Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼鏡能看得清東西嗎？
二、作表語(yǔ)的用法
without引出的介詞短語(yǔ)通常用作狀語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)也可用作表語(yǔ)。如：
She is completely without shame. 她恬不知恥。
My investigations were without result. 我的調(diào)查毫無(wú)結(jié)果。
The houses in this village are without water. 這個(gè)村子里家家戶戶都沒(méi)有自來(lái)水。
We were without electricity for three hours but it's on again now. 我們的電停了3小時(shí)，現(xiàn)在又有了。
三、后接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的用法
without后接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的常用結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
1. without+賓語(yǔ)+副詞
I'd be lost without you here. 沒(méi)有你在這兒，我會(huì)一籌莫展。
I'm very near-sighted without my glasses on. 我要是不戴眼鏡十分近視。
2. without+賓語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)
We'd be better off without them as neighbors. 要是沒(méi)有這些鄰居，我們就過(guò)得更愉快了。
I don't like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it. 我不喜歡加糖的咖啡，里邊不加糖我更喜歡。
3. without+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)名詞
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 無(wú)人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。
They debated for hours without a decision being taken. 他們爭(zhēng)論了幾個(gè)小時(shí)，也沒(méi)作出決定。
4. without+賓語(yǔ)+不定式
Without anyone to help, how can we go on? 沒(méi)有人幫忙，我們?cè)趺茨苓M(jìn)行下去?
It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 無(wú)所事事地坐在那里太無(wú)聊了。
5. without+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞
Without another word exchanged, they started off. 沒(méi)有再交談一句，他們就出發(fā)了。
四、用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣
without有時(shí)可表示條件，引出虛擬語(yǔ)氣，與but for大致同義。如：
Without [But for] appropriate software, a computer would be a mere box. 如果沒(méi)有恰當(dāng)?shù)能浖?，電腦只是一個(gè)空盒子罷了。
Without [But for] you, our project wouldn't have succeeded. 如果沒(méi)有你的話，我們的計(jì)劃就無(wú)法成功了。
Life would be quieter without the telephone. 要是沒(méi)有電話，生活就會(huì)清靜一些了。
Without your advice I would have failed. 假若沒(méi)有你的勸告，我想必已失敗了。
五、without A and B與without A or B
兩者基本同義，相當(dāng)于without A and without B，即同時(shí)否定A、B兩者。如：
We were cast away by the storm on an island without food or water. 我們被風(fēng)暴丟棄在小島上，沒(méi)有食物，也沒(méi)有淡水。
I found myself in a strange place without money or friends. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己身處在一個(gè)陌生的地方，既無(wú)錢財(cái)，又無(wú)朋友。
We cannot survive for long without food and [or] water. 我們沒(méi)有食物和水就活不了多久。