前綴 re-(red-,ren-,r-)的詞源，意思和用法
來(lái)源：
漢： 拉丁前綴re-的前身是拉丁文中一個(gè)不能獨(dú)立使用的品詞。它的基本意思是back,由此又引申出“intensive,again,against,away,mutually”等含義。大約13世紀(jì)起，re-出現(xiàn)在通過法語(yǔ)進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)的大量拉丁借詞中。原生詞綴re-有一個(gè)異體red-,它只與以元音字母或h開頭的拉丁詞根相結(jié)合。自17世紀(jì)起，re-成為英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)活性派生前綴，其意思主要為again。它幾乎可以與任何英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相綴合。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意，原生前綴re-輕讀/rl/，派生前綴re-重讀/ri:/;此外re-充當(dāng)派生詞綴時(shí)，有時(shí)需要帶連接字符。
英：word-forming element meaning "back to the original place; again, anew, once more," also with a sense of "undoing," c.1200, from Old French and directly from Latin re- "again, back, anew, against," "Latin combining form concievably from Indo-European *wret-, metathetical variant of *wert- "to turn" [Watkins]. Often merely intensive, and in many of the older borrowings from French and Latin the precise sense of re- is lost in secondary senses or weakened beyond recognition. OED writes that it is "impossible to attempt a complete record of all the forms resulting from its use," and adds that "The number of these is practically infinite ...." The Latin prefix became red- before vowels and h-, as in redact, redeem, redolent, redundant.
下面重點(diǎn)看一下前綴re- 的主要意思"back"。
1．回，向后
recourse, retractable, renounce
2．變成…，還給，作為答禮，報(bào)答，回到原來(lái)位置
revoke, retribution, repartee, responsive, revert
3．在后邊
retentive, revile, recumbent
4．重新
renovate, residue, rejuvenate
5．回溯，抑制，藏住后面
reminisce, repress, recluse
6．表強(qiáng)調(diào)[完全地，徹底地]
resolution, relentless, receptive, renegade, reticent, replete
另外，前綴re- 還有如下幾種變形。
1．red [在元音字母前]
redemption, redundant, redintegrate, redolent
2．ren [在輔音字母d前]
render
3．r [在元音字母前]
rapport, ransom, rally, rapprochement
例詞：
1.recede [re( =back) +ced(=go)在后邊走]
vi. go back from the observer or from an earlier position 退出,退卻
recession 退回，后退；經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退 recess 休假,（一周左右的）放假；休會(huì)，休庭；幽深處 recessive 退行的，逆行的；隱性的 recessional 退場(chǎng)的，休會(huì)的；退場(chǎng)時(shí)唱的贊美歌
舉例： The flood waters are expected to recede within 36 hours.
預(yù)計(jì)洪水將在36個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)退去。
2.reimburse [re(=back) +im<in(=in) + burs(=purse, bag, sack) 放回錢包]
vt. pay back; compensate 還，償還；賠償，補(bǔ)償 reimbursement 退還，償還
舉例： Please pay your own travel expenses and the company will reimburse you.
請(qǐng)先支付出差的費(fèi)用，公司會(huì)給你報(bào)銷。
3.reminisce [re( =back) +min<mon (=remind, remember, warn) 追溯回憶]
vi. think or talk about past events and experiences 陷入回憶，敘說回憶
reminiscence 回想，記憶 reminiscent 令人回想的，回憶的
舉例： We had such fun at the 20th high school reunion,reminiscing about the old days.
在高中同學(xué)畢業(yè)20周年聚會(huì)上，我們沉浸在對(duì)過去的回憶中，感到非常愉快。
4.responsive [ re( =again) +plic( =fold)重新折、包到那個(gè)程度]
adj. a reproduction or copy of a work of art, especially a copy by the maker of the original; facsimile 出于原作者之手的復(fù)制品；摹寫，復(fù)寫
replicate 摹寫，抄寫；折疊
舉例： Our school team won the prize for the best replica of the Hoover Dam.
我們學(xué)校參賽組制作的胡佛水壩模型最好，所以得了獎(jiǎng)。
5.responsive [(re (=back) +spons (=answer,promise,pledge)詐為答禮回應(yīng)]
adj. answering; answering easily or quickly 回答的，應(yīng)答的；容易感應(yīng)的，容易感動(dòng)的
respond應(yīng)答，感應(yīng)response應(yīng)答，感應(yīng) respondent離婚訴訟的被告，應(yīng)答者
舉例： The student was especially responsive in class that day.
那個(gè)學(xué)生在那天的課堂上反應(yīng)特別活躍。
詞根
1.
accode 同意 *ac<ad(=to,near)
antecede 先行 *ante(=before)
proceedings 會(huì)議記錄簿，會(huì)議錄 *pro( =forward)
2.burs (=bag,purse)
bursar （學(xué)?；虼髮W(xué)的）財(cái)務(wù)主管
bun-ry （通常指大學(xué)的）獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金
disburse 支付（支出）*dis（=away,apart）
3.min<
mindful 留心的，不忘的
reminder 提醒的人（事） *re( =back)
admonish 訓(xùn)誡，警告 *ad( =to)
4.plic(=fold)
applicable 可適用的 *ap<ad( =to, near)
explicitly 明白地 *ex( =fold)
implicate 使相關(guān) *im<in( =in)
5.spons(=answer,promise)
sponsorship 贊助者的身份、任務(wù)等
responsible 負(fù)責(zé)的 *re( =again)
irresponsibility 不負(fù)責(zé)任 ir<in (=not), re(=again)
6.restrict [re( =back, intensive) +strict(=tie, draw)用力捆]
vt. keep within limits; limit 限制，限定；約束，束縛
restriction 限制，限定 restrictive 限制的，限定的 restrain 制止 restraint 抑制
restrained 受抑制的，拘謹(jǐn)?shù)?，忍耐?br>
舉例： We had to restrict Donna's privileges because she wouldn't study enough.
因?yàn)樘颇炔慌W(xué)習(xí)，所以我們不得不限制她的一些特權(quán)。
7.revoke [ rs( =back) +vok( =call, voice)回叫]
vt. repeal, cancel or wrthdraw a decree, consent, permission, etc.撤回，廢止，取消
revocation 廢止，取消 revocable 可以廢止（取消）的
舉例： His driver's license was revoked after his DUI arrest.
自從他酒后駕車被捕后，他的駕照就被吊銷了。
8.recompense [re( =back) +com( =with) +pens( =pay)用某種東西償還]
vt. reward; make payment to; compensate a loss, injury, etc.報(bào)答．
舉例： The insurance company recompensed the people injured in the auto accident.
保險(xiǎn)公司對(duì)車禍中受傷的人給予了賠償。
9.reinforce [re( =again) +in( =in) +forc( =strong)重新使內(nèi)部強(qiáng)壯]
vt. make stronger by adding or supplying more men or material 強(qiáng)化，增強(qiáng)
reinforcement 強(qiáng)化；援助，(pl.)增援部隊(duì)（艦隊(duì)）
舉例： We reinforced the roof with extra beams to make it hurricane proof.
我們額外用大粱加固了屋頂，以使其經(jīng)受得住颶風(fēng)。
10.remnant [ re( =again) +mn<man( =stay)再次、繼續(xù)停留]
n. residue, remainder; length of cloth offered at a reduced price after the greater part has been sold;a trace 剩余，殘余；零碎布頭；（pl.）遺跡
舉例：I bought this big bag of fabric remnants for just fifty cents.
我只花50美分就買下了這一大包零碎布頭。
詞根：
1.stict(=tie)
constrict 壓縮 *con<com( =together)
distress 痛苦，窮困；使難受 *di<dis( =apart, away)
2.vik(=call,voice)
equivoke 暖昧的話，相聲 *equ (=same)
Vox Populi 人民的心聲 *popcA(=people)
Vox Dei 神的聲音。*dei( =God)
3.pens(=pay,hang)
compensation 賠償，補(bǔ)償 *com(=with)
pensive 陷入深思的
prepense 計(jì)劃的，故意的 *pre(=before)
4.
forcibly 免強(qiáng)地，強(qiáng)制地
enforce 施行，強(qiáng)迫 *en(=make)
perforce 必然，一定 *per(=through,intensive)
5.mn<man(=stay)
immanent 內(nèi)在的，無(wú)所不在的 *im<in(=in)
immanuel 救世主，耶穌 *im<in(=in)
11.retribution [ re( =again, back) +tribut( =give, pay)作為答禮還給]
n.deserved punishment 報(bào)答；報(bào)應(yīng)，懲罰
retributive 報(bào)應(yīng)的，報(bào)復(fù)的
舉例： Some people think of karmic punishment as divine retribution.
有人認(rèn)為作為報(bào)應(yīng)遭到的懲罰就是上天的懲罰。
12.recapitulate [ re( =again) +cap( =head)再說開頭（要點(diǎn)）]
v. repeat the chief points of something重述要點(diǎn)，概述
recapitulation重述要點(diǎn)，概述
舉例： In speech class I learned to recapitulate the key points of my address in the conclusion.
我在演講課七學(xué)到一點(diǎn)，那就是在結(jié)論部分應(yīng)該重述演講內(nèi)容的要點(diǎn)。
13.redoubtable [red< re ( =intensive) +doub<dob ( =uncertain)完全不確實(shí)的、不明確的]
adj. to be feared; formidable 可怕的；令人敬畏的
舉例： Many modern politicians continue to quote the redoubtable Winston Churchill.
很多現(xiàn)代政治家們還在繼續(xù)引用令人敬畏的丘吉爾的話。
14.redundant [(red<re( =back, again) +und( =wave)又起風(fēng)浪]
adj. superfluous; excessive 多余的，過多的；過度的；重復(fù)的
redundance/redundancy 多余，過剩
舉例： Stop berating me! You're being redundant.
不要再責(zé)備我了！你太過分了。
15. relegate [re( =back) +leg( =send)在后邊輸送]
adj. send someone to a lower position or grade;
carrying out 使地位降低，使降職：移交
relegation 降職；移交；委托
舉例： He relegated his stepson to the broken-down bedroom over the garage
他把他的繼子趕到車庫(kù)上面那個(gè)破舊的臥室去了。
16.remit [(re( =away, back) +mit( =send)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地、在后邊輸送]
v. send money, etc. by post; forgive; excuse payment of a debt,a punishment,
etc.; make or become less; remand 匯款；寬??；免除；緩和，變得緩和；將訴訟駁回到下級(jí)法院 remission 寬?。簧饷?，免除；（疾病、疼痛等）緩解 remittance 匯款（額）remittent（熱）忽輕忽重的
舉例： We'II ship the merchandise as soon as you romit payment in full.
您一將付款全部寄到，我們就立即用船運(yùn)送貨物。
17. remonstrate [( re ( =again, against) +monstr ( =show) 重新、反對(duì)著展示]
v. say or plead in protest, objection complaints, etc. 抗議，表示異議；忠告
remonstrance 抗議；忠告
舉例：A rabid fan jumped from the stands to remonstrate with the referee.
一個(gè)狂熱的愛好者跳下觀眾席，向?qū)徟刑岢隹棺h。
18.reprove [ re( =again) +prov( =test)重新進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)]
vt. find fault with; say sharp words to 責(zé)備，指責(zé) reproof 非難，指責(zé)，責(zé)備
舉例： The judge reproved Microsoft for its monopolistic business practices.
法官指責(zé)了微軟明顯的壟斷經(jīng)營(yíng)。
19.repudiate [(=back,away) +pud( =ashamed)將羞愧置后或遠(yuǎn)離]
vt. say that one will have nothing more to do with; refuse to accept or acknowledge; refuse to pay an obligation or debt 斷絕關(guān)系；不接受，否認(rèn)，反
駁；拒絕支付repudiation拒絕，否認(rèn)，拒絕支付；斷絕關(guān)系
舉例： Madge publicly repudiated Don at every opportunity after their divorce.
馬奇和丹離婚后，一有機(jī)會(huì)就公開指責(zé)丹。
20.requisite [(re( =intensive,．a(chǎn)gain) +quisit( =ask)一定要求的東西]
n. thing needed or required by circumstances or for success 必要條件，必需條件；必需品
adj. necessary 必要的，必須的
require要求 requirement要求；必需品；條件 requisition 要求，請(qǐng)求（書）
舉例： lf you have accumulated the requisite number of credits, you'll graduate.
如果修滿了所必需的學(xué)分，你就可以畢業(yè)了。
21. resilient [ re( =back) +sil<sal( =leap)往回跳]
adj. bouncing or springing back into shape, position, etc. after being stretched,bent or compressed; buoyant in disposition 有彈力的；有恢復(fù)能力的；快活的
resilience/resiliency彈性，彈力；恢復(fù)能力；快活
舉例： Most children are quite resilient and quickly recover from bumps and scrapes.
大部分孩子的傷口愈合能力都很強(qiáng)，磕碰受傷的地方很快就會(huì)好。
22.restitution [ re( =back, again) +stit(=stand) 使站回原來(lái)的位置]
n. giving back to the rightful owner of something that has been lost or taken away;a making good for loss or damage 運(yùn)還；賠償
舉例：Some states require thieves to make restitution to their victims.
一些州規(guī)定小偷要對(duì)受害者進(jìn)行賠償。
23.retrench [ re( =intensive, back) +trench( =cut)用力地、在后邊切斷]
v. cut down expenses; make economies 減少（費(fèi)用）緊縮；節(jié)約
retrenchment 緊縮，節(jié)約經(jīng)費(fèi)
舉例： The corporation was forced to retrench in light of falling revenues.
那家公司不得不根據(jù)減少的收益來(lái)縮減開支。
24.recant [re（=back,away）+cant( =sing) 在后邊、使消失地唱歌]
vt. withdraw or renounce beliefs, statement, etc. in a formal or public manner 正式取消，撤回 recantation 取消，撤回
舉例：After sessions with a deprogrammer,Iris recanted her allegiance to the cult.
和說服她放棄被灌輸?shù)乃枷氲娜艘娏藥状蚊嬷?，艾里斯放棄了她?duì)異教的忠誠(chéng)。
25.reconnaissance [ re( =again) +con( =thoroughly) +n<gn<gno( =know)再一次徹底知道]
n. an exploratory survey or examination as in seeking out information or as in making a pretiminary geological or engineering survey 偵察，勘察；事先考查
reconnoiter 偵察，勘察
舉例：I served with a reconnaissance squadron in the Vietnam war.
越戰(zhàn)期間我在偵察隊(duì)服役。
26.recrimination [ ra( =mutually) +crimin( =crime)相互說有罪]
n. accusation made in return for one already made; countercharge 反控訴；互相指責(zé) recriminate 互相指責(zé)；反訴 recriminatory 相互指責(zé)的；反訴的
舉例： The two sides engaged in endless rounds of mutual recrimination.
雙方陷入了無(wú)休止的相互反控訴中。
27.recumbent [(re( =back) +cumb( =lie)躺在后邊]
adj. lying down; idle （特指人）躺著的，靠著的；懶惰的
舉例：I was recumbent in a hammock when the earthquake struck.
地震發(fā)生的時(shí)候，我正躺在吊床上。
28.redolent [red<re( =intensive)+ol( =smell) 味道強(qiáng)烈地散發(fā)出來(lái)]
adj. be ～ of having a strong smell; reminiscent 芳香的，有香味的；使想起…的
redolence香氣，芳香
舉例： The small restaurant was redolent of curry and cumin.
那個(gè)小飯店彌漫著咖喱和茴香的味道。
29.refulgent [ re( =intensive) +fulg( =shine)非常閃耀的]
adj. shining, brilliant 輝煌的；燦爛的
refulgence 光輝，燦爛
舉例：I had an amazing dream of a holy figure garbed in refulgent robes of light.
我做了一個(gè)令人驚異的夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)見一個(gè)神圣的人穿著一件閃爍著燦爛光芒的衣服。
30.replete [ re( =intensive) +plet（=fill）完全填滿]
adj. well-filled or plentifully supplied; stuffed with food and drink; gorged 充滿的，滿滿的，充分的；飽滿的，飽食的
repletion充滿，飽食
舉例： The shelter gave the men a Christmas dinner replete with all the trimmings.
那個(gè)收容歷用各種食物拼配而成的豐盛的圣誕晚餐招待了那些人。
31.rapport [(r< re( =mutually) +ap<ad( =near) +port（=carry）相互搬運(yùn)得很近]
n. a close or sympathetic relationship; agreement 親密的關(guān)系；同意；一致
舉例： l'm afraid I don't have much of a rapport with my new stepchildren.
我和我的繼子女之間似乎沒有什么親密感。
32.refractory [ re( =again) +fract( =break)繼續(xù)破碎、粉碎]
adj. resisting control, discipline, ect.; not yielding to treatment; hard to melt, fuse or work 不聽話的，難以駕馭的，固執(zhí)的；疾病等難以治愈的，痼疾的；難熔的，難以處理的
舉例： Four of the retractory children have been placed in foster homes
難以管教的孩子中有四個(gè)已被送到領(lǐng)養(yǎng)家庭去了。
33.remand [(re( =back) +mand( =order)俞令在后邊輸送]
vt. send a prisoner or accused person back into custody, as to await trial or further investigation; send a case back to a lower court for additional proceedings
在找到證據(jù)之前一直拘留嫌疑犯，還押：向下級(jí)裁判所返送
remanding or being remanded 還押，還留，返送
舉例： After having testified, the prisoner was remanded to his prison cell.
在法庭上作完證后，那個(gè)罪犯被押回了牢房。
34.repartee [ re( =back) +part( =part)作為答禮交出來(lái)]
n. a quick,witty reply; skill in making witty replies 巧妙的應(yīng)答；巧妙應(yīng)答之才能
舉例： After a few minutes of repartee,she suddenly began to cry.
在幾分鐘的巧妙應(yīng)答之后，她突然哭了起來(lái)。
35.replendent [( re ( =intensive) +splend ( =shine)非帶閃亮的]
adj. very bright; splendid 輝煌的，耀眼的：燦爛的
resplendence/resplendency 耀眼，光輝，燦爛
舉例： We stopped to admire a resplendent Christmas tree in the square.
我們停下腳步，欣賞廣場(chǎng)上耀眼的圣誕樹。