前綴trans- (tra-,tran-,treas-) = across;beyond;over
在單詞translate (翻譯)中有個常用的前綴trans-,它原本是拉丁介詞,基本含義為 across,over,beyon,即表示“穿、越、超”之意。當(dāng)它出現(xiàn)在拉丁借詞中時(shí),有tran-和tra- 兩個異體。tran- 用在以s開頭的詞根前,tran-出現(xiàn)在少數(shù)以d,j,m,v開頭的詞根前。15世紀(jì)以后,trans- 也作用派生前綴與單詞結(jié)合,這時(shí)它沒有形態(tài)變化。
前綴trans-詞源:
prefix meaning "across, beyond, to go beyond," from Latin trans-, from prep. trans "across, over, beyond," probably originally present participle of a verb *trare-, meaning "to cross" (see through).
以下介紹trans- 的異體tran- 與tra- 與詞根結(jié)合的例子。
1.travesty [tra<trans( =over, across) + 詞根vest( =dress)穿衣服超過某種程度]
n. any treatment that makes a serious work seem ridiculous; imitation or description of something that is unlike and inferior to the real thing; distortion 滑稽模仿(嚴(yán)肅的作品).拙劣的模仿:曲解
vt. make or be a travesty of 拙劣地模仿,滑稽地模仿;歪曲
舉例: The trial was a complete travesty-totally unfair. 那場審判簡直就是一場滑稽劇——完全不公正。
2.traduce [tra<trans( =over, across) +duc( =lead) 超過某種程度、分開拉動]
vt. say untrue or malicious things about; slander 中傷;誹謗
traducer n. 誹謗者
舉例: Stars are used to seeing their names traduced in the tabloids. 明星們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于看到小報(bào)中傷自己的名譽(yù)。
3.transcribe [tran- (trans-) = voer 過;
v. copy in writing or in typewriting 抄寫,謄寫;用打字機(jī)打出復(fù)本
舉例: The typist quickly transcribed the letter from the shorthand notes. 打字員詞速按速記稿打出那封信。
transcript n.抄本;謄本;副本;肄業(yè)證書
transcription n. 抄寫,謄寫;按速記稿打出文字
4.transpire [tran- (trans-) = through 透;
v. 1)send off the waste matter through the skin,leaf,ect. 排出,蒸發(fā)
舉例: Man transpires even in cold winter. 人類甚至在寒冷的冬天也在排汗。
2) leak out;make known 泄露,被人知道
舉例: It later transpired that the king hadbeen ill by then. 后來才透露出,國王當(dāng)時(shí)就已經(jīng)生病了。
transpiration n. 蒸發(fā),排出;植物蒸騰作用
5.tradition [ tra- (trans-) = voer 過;dit = to give 給;-ion = -ing ⇒"giving over 傳過來" →]
n. passing down of custom , belief,ect. 傳統(tǒng)
舉例: We should keep up the fine trandition of hardwork. 我們要保持艱苦奮斗的傳統(tǒng)。
6.traverse [ tra- (trans- ) = across 越;vers = to turn 轉(zhuǎn)動;-e⇒ "to turn across 翻越過去"→]
v. move across 橫越
舉例: This railway traverses the whole country. 這條鐵路橫貫全國。
以下是介紹以原生詞綴trans- 開頭的幾個常詞。
1.transient [trans- ( =over) + 詞根i < it ( =go)越過去]
adj. lasting for a short time only; ephemeral 一時(shí)的,暫時(shí)的,短暫的
n. guest who is not a permanent residant 臨時(shí)旅客,過往旅客
舉例: So-called falling stars are transient phenomena, lasting just a few seconds. 所謂的流星只是瞬時(shí)現(xiàn)象,僅僅持續(xù)幾秒鐘。
2.transmute [trans( =intensive) + 詞根
vt. change the shape.nature or substance of 改變模樣、性質(zhì)、內(nèi)容
transmutation n. 變化,變形,變換
transmutable adj. 可以變化的
舉例: In the movie,a man is transmuted into a giant fly. 茌那部電影中,一個男人變成了一只巨大的蒼蠅。
3.intransigent [(in( =not) +trans( =across) +ig( =drive)無法變換帶動的]
adj. uncompromising,especially in politics (特別指政治上)不妥協(xié)的
n. a person who is intransigent 不妥協(xié)的人
intransigence n. 不妥協(xié)的態(tài)度
舉例: My parents are intransigent about not letting me drive until l'm 18. 找父母對我18歲之前不能駕車這件事態(tài)度非常堅(jiān)決。
4.transact [trans- = across 穿過;
v.acrry on ;manage 執(zhí)行;辦理
舉例: It took him ten minutes to transact his business at bank. 處理銀行事務(wù)花了他10分鐘時(shí)間。
transaction n. 辦理;執(zhí)行;交易;事務(wù)
5.transfer [trans- = across 穿過;fer = to bear 運(yùn)載 ⇒" to bear across 運(yùn)到對面去" → ]
v. remove from one person or place to another;hand over 轉(zhuǎn)移;傳遞
舉例: This firm has been transferred to my son. 這公司已經(jīng)移交給我兒子。
transference n. 轉(zhuǎn)移;調(diào)動;轉(zhuǎn)讓
transferor n. 轉(zhuǎn)讓人
transferee n.受讓人
transferable adj. 可轉(zhuǎn)移的;可轉(zhuǎn)讓的
6.translate [trans- = across 到另一方;lat = to carry 帶;-e ⇒"to carry an idea another language 將某種意思帶到另一種語方去" →]
v. change into another language 翻譯
舉例: He is translating a book from French into English. 他正把一本法文書翻譯成英文。
translation n. 翻譯;譯文,譯本
7.transmit [trans- = over 超過;mit = to send 送→]
v. send over;pass on 傳遞;傳達(dá)
舉例: I will transmit the money by special messenger. 我將派專人把這筆款項(xiàng)送去。
transmitter n.傳送者,傳達(dá)者;發(fā)報(bào)機(jī)
transmission n. 傳送,傳達(dá);發(fā)射,播送
8.transparent [trans- = across or through 穿透;par = to appear 現(xiàn);-ent adj. = -ing ⇒"appearing throgh 穿透而現(xiàn)的"→]
adj. easy to see through 透明的
舉例: Window glass is transparent .窗玻璃的透明的。 transparency n. 透明;透明度;透明物
最后,介紹派生詞綴trans- 與單詞結(jié)合的幾個有代表性的詞例。
1.transatlantic [trans- = across 橫貫;Atlantic n. 大西洋→ ]
adj. crossing the Atlantic 橫越大西洋的
舉例: The dispatch was sent by transatlantic cable. 這條電訊是由橫貫大西洋海底電纜拍發(fā)出去的。
2.transnational [trans- = beyond 超越;national adj. 國家的 →]
adj. 超越國界的,跨國的
舉例: This company has been taken over by a transnational company. 該公司已經(jīng)被某跨國公司所接管。
3.transship [ trans- = across 跨越;ship v. 用船裝運(yùn) ⇒"to carry a cargo from one ship to another 將貨物從一船裝到另一船" →]
v.transfer from one ship ,train,ect. to another 轉(zhuǎn)船,轉(zhuǎn)載
舉例: The goods should be transshipped at Hongkong. 這批貨要在香港轉(zhuǎn)船。
transshipment n. 轉(zhuǎn)船運(yùn)輸;轉(zhuǎn)載
詞根:
i<it(go):
ambience ['æmbi?ns] n. (場所的)環(huán)境,氛圍 *amb<ambi( =around)
transit [?æmbi?ns] v./n. 運(yùn)送;通過 *trans( =over)
itinerant [a??t?n?r?nt] adj. 巡回的;周游的
mut(change):
mutable adj. 易變的;反復(fù)尤常的 mutaion n. 變化
commutation n. 交換,對換;減刑 *com( =together)
vest(dress):
ves n. 馬甲;給穿上法農(nóng),祭服等;給予權(quán)力
vestment n. 衣服;禮服;官服
invest v. 投資;包圍 *in( =in)
ig(drive):
circumnavigator n. 周游世界者 *circum( =around),ig( =drive)
navigator n. 航海者 *nav( =ship)
prodigally adv. 豐富地 *prod<pro( =forward)
duc(=lead):
coeducation n. 男女同校 *co<com(=together),e<ex(out)
inducement n. 誘導(dǎo);說服 * in( =in)
oviduct n. 輸卵管 *ovi (=egg)